The Final Lines From Beowulf s Speech - 1804 Words

Consider the final lines from Beowulf’s speech when he asks Hrothgar for permission to fight Grendel (ll. 440-455). In these final lines Beowulf envisions the scene of Grendel’s victory. How does our translation use alliteration, assonance, and compound words to make vivid the nature of Grendel, the devastating effects of that possible victory, and the necessary acceptance of God’s will and the working of fate? S2 Answer #1 - Beowulf: Our translation almost seems to create key-words in the lines that contain alliteration and assonance. Examples such as â€Å"fight with the fiend† (440), â€Å"frenzy fouling† (449), or â€Å"fear on that flower† (444) add a sense of drama and heightened awareness to the lines because of their bold, descriptive†¦show more content†¦For example, the compound â€Å"moor-nest† (450) is much stronger than simply nest because the moor evokes images of wild, uncultivated land; Grendel is as uncultivated as the land. 2. Consider carefully the cross’s narrative in The Dream of the Rood. How does the cross’s narrative adhere to Anglo-Saxon notions of heroism in its depiction of the crucifixion? How does the cross’s narrative deviate from Anglo-Saxon notions of heroism in its depiction of the crucifixion? In answering this question, please refer to the Anglo-Saxon notions of heroism discussed in class. I’m not listing particular formal and stylistic devices because those of you with the 8th edition have a different translation than those of you with the 9th edition, but you will need to select key formal and stylistic devices in order to provide evidence for your claims. Answer #2 - The Dream of the Rood: The cross’s narrative in The Dream of the Rood adhered to Anglo-Saxon notions of heroism because Jesus is depicted as a triumphant hero that defeats human sin which is startlingly unlike the actual Biblical account. Essentially, poets in the Middle Ages put Jesus into the most popular box of the time, the warrior box, in order to appeal to Pagans. Regardless, Anglo-Saxon heroes were aggressive, violent, and hypermasculine so Christ inherently subverts being a perfect Anglo-Saxon hero because of hisShow MoreRelatedBeowulf : A Modern Epic Hero1595 Words   |  7 Pagesin society. Majority of heroes have superhuman abilities compared to abilities of gods’. In the story of Beowulf, readers get to see a young audacious hero show the abilities of loyalty, wisdom, and physical strength. As I read the story, I saw that Beowulf matures into a man who doesn’t simply upkeep about individual magnificence and integrity but cares about his society as a leader. Beowulf is co mpared to a modern epic hero because he is fighting for a good cause, rewarded for doing the right thingRead MoreVirtues Of The Anglo Saxons1054 Words   |  5 Pages Virtues in the Anglo Saxons In the 8th century, an epic poem of Beowulf written by an anonymous author embodies the ideal characteristics of Anglo Saxons. During the time of Anglo Saxons, Beowulf is used to convey similar qualities such as virtues, belief and traits in which the character of B Beowulf possess. For example, Beowulf exhibits Bravery, Loyalty, and strength. Beowulf’s action symbolizes him as the epitome of a â€Å"True Hero† because heRead More Epic of Beowulf Essay - Foreign and English Translations and Versions of Beowulf1541 Words   |  7 PagesForeign and English Translations and Versions of Beowulf   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From 1805 until the present there have been introduced an abundance of paraphrases, translations, adaptations, summaries, versions and illustrations of Beowulf in modern English and in foreign languages due mostly to two reasons: the desire to make the poem accessible, and the desire to read the exotic (Osborn 341). It is the purpose of this essay to present a brief history of this development of the popularity of the poem andRead MoreThe Monsters Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh1623 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"All glory will be ours if now we conquer this unprecedented foe and risk the woe that frightens others. (Jackson, p. 23, line 46-49)† Gilgamesh proclaimed. Gilgamesh desired to be remembered forever and his ego led him to make the poor decision to attack and kill Humbaba. Gilgamesh then returned to Uruk with expectations of being praised as a hero who delivered his people from Humbaba. With his ego even more inflated than before, Gilgamesh is approached by Ishtar, the goddess of love and war, andRead MoreThe Epic Poem Beowulf 3137 Words   |  13 Pages11 Given, the current high profile debate with regard to dating the epic poem Beowulf, it is quite surprising that some scholars go as far as placing it during the Vendel era around 550 - 793 CE. Eventhough it is considered as a kind of folk tale, many are those who believe it happened towards the early Vendel era. As a rebuttal to this point, it might be?convincingly argued?that this period is also referred to as the Germanic Iron Age. Moreover, this era saw the rise of Norse mythology, whichRead MoreThe Impact Of Christian Features On Beowulf3125 Words   |  13 PagesELMARRACHI 11 AMINE ELMARRACHI Professor: Dr. Robinson ENG-205 Research paper 11/21/2015 The Impact of Christian Features on Beowulf. Given, the current high profile debate with regard to dating the epic poem Beowulf, it is quite surprising that some scholars go as far as placing it during the Vendel era around 550 - 793 CE. Even though it is considered as a kind of folk tale, many are those who believe it happened towards the early Vendel era. As a rebuttal to this point, it mightRead MoreThe Impact Of Christian Features On Beowulf3125 Words   |  13 PagesELMARRACHI 11 AMINE ELMARRACHI Professor: Dr. Robinson ENG-205 Research paper 11/21/2015 The Impact of Christian Features on Beowulf. Given, the current high profile debate with regard to dating the epic poem Beowulf, it is quite surprising that some scholars go as far as placing it during the Vendel era around 550 - 793 CE. Even though it is considered as a kind of folk tale, many are those who believe it happened towards the early Vendel era. As a rebuttal to this point, it mightRead MoreHeroism Main Theme in Beowulf3076 Words   |  13 PagesThe main theme of Beowulf is heroism. This involves far more than physical courage. It also means that the warrior must fulfill his obligations to the group of which he is a key member. There is a clear-cut network of social duties depicted in the poem. The king has an obligation to behave with generosity. He must reward his thanes with valuable gifts for their defense of the tribe and their success in battle. This is why King Hrothgar is known as the â€Å"ring-giver.† He behaves according toRead More The Style of Beowulf Essay2172 Words   |  9 P agesThe Style of Beowulf  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Ursula Schaefer in â€Å"Rhetoric and Style† gives an overview of the history of criticism of style:    Examination of the poem’s rhetoric and style started out with investigating common Germanic features. On the other end of the scale, attention was given to a possible Latin influence on the poem’s style. Recently, there have been reconsiderations of authochthonous traditions linked mainly with the analysis of larger narrative patterns (105).   Read More themebeo Epic of Beowulf Essay - Theme and Style of Beowulf2716 Words   |  11 PagesThe Theme and Style of Beowulf  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Interpretations of Beowulf’s theme vary much more than commentary on the poet’s style. In this essay I hope to state clearly some of the popularly mentioned themes running through the poem, and to carefully delineate many aspects of the author’s style.    â€Å"Many critics feel that the speech of Hrothgar between lines 1700 and 1784 encapsulates the moral of the poem†¦.’He does not know the worse – till inside him great arrogance grows and

Ikeas Organizational Behavior - 8907 Words

INTRO: IKEA is known for its strong organizational values, which are based on Swedish norms and in particular the opinions and values of the founder himself. It is not unusual to see IKEA employees following the norms and values even outside the working hours, but how important is OB really for IKEA? IKEA’S BRIEF HISTORY 1940-1950 A Swedish 17-year-old man named Ingvar Kampard founded Ikea in 1943. It all began with the Ikea catalogue that was sent from house to house, which is still known today as Ikeas signature. In 1948 the range of IKEA products extended to furniture and by 1958 the first store is opened. 1960-1970 By the end of the seventies, Ikea manages to not only open stores all over Europe, but in Canada and Australia†¦show more content†¦Hopes are that employees, by themselves, will get a deeper understanding for the culture and by that develop IKEAs future together.† Ikeas center provides different exercises to the employees that show the entire IKEA concept and how it works at its best; how all the employees’ jobs together create one big job structure, and how products are being made and the importance of raw materials. At IKEA, training is crucial to keep the social work environment functional. From the training sessions, the hope is to develop awareness, knowledge and responsibility. All employees receive this training in order to take charge of their own development. In general, IKEA wants to give the opportunities for co-workers to grow, both at an individual level, but also in their professional roles. In return, IKEA expects their co-workers to do their job as well as possible depending on their ability and experience, take responsibility, and be willing to develop and grow continually and to act in an open and straightforward manner. Workforce Diversity Gender The gender diversity at IKEA is probably among the best ones over the world. They have applied special workforce diversity programs in all departments, and are working for a continuing development. The program is based on stomach feeling and employee’s opinions in order to fill theShow MoreRelatedHow Ikea Manages The Global Environment Essay1330 Words   |  6 Pages Lesson MGT600 #2 Case Studies Ying Li International American University MGT 600: Organizational Theory Design David Johnson PhD July 10th, 2016 How IKEA Manages the Global Environment IKEA is the largest furniture chain in the world, and in 2011 the Swedish company operated over 270 stores in 25 countries. In 2011 IKEA sales soared to over $35 billion, or over 20% of the global furniture market. Most of its stuffs believed IKEA will massive growth throughout the world in the coming decadeRead MoreInnovation At Ike The Congruence Model909 Words   |  4 Pagesstrategy that identifies and fixes organizational problems. Santoku, 2013 describe this model as â€Å"a roadmap for developing strategy reflective of a competitive environment and considering the role of the company in supporting any overall execution†. The first step in the organizational design is to understand the components: the environment, the resources, and the history, and how they relate. For the first input component, environment, we have seen how Ingvar Kamprad, IKEA’s founder, used his environmentRead MoreLeadership at Ikea651 Words   |  3 PagesCase Study Ingvar Kamprad shows he is a manager, in which he advocates stability and the status quo, by the personality of conceptions at work. He takes his ideas and those of his employees and uses them to further IKEA’s success. He proves himself as a leader, where he advocates for change and new approaches to problems, by using a leader attitude toward goals and relationships with others. He worked hard to build the company and achieve success through his ideas and thriftiness becauseRead MoreChapter 3 Ikea OT Case anaylsis Essay686 Words   |  3 Pages University Of Jordan Faculty of Graduate Studies Faculty of Business Organizational Theory (1601712) Semester: Fall 2014/2015 Student’s Name: Mohammad Bani Mustafa Student’s ID: 8141333 Case for Analysis: How IKEA manages the global Environment. Discussion Questions: Q1: List the various ways in which IKEA has managed the global environment over time. Company’s approach that focuses on Simplicity, attention to detail and cost consciousness which help in attracting customers and theirRead MoreThe Importance Of Innovation Architecture1482 Words   |  6 PagesNetflix Innovates and Wins, 2011). Netflix’s culture approach unique because they have a strong company that depend on on a combination of independence and accountability among all employees. The company management system depends on valuing their nine behaviors and skills by promoting people to demonstrate the ability to promote a wise judgment among employees. As well as enhancing communication to treat people with the ultimate respect in order to accomplish a strong performance and exhibit a great impactRead MoreIkea Global Retailer Essay17554 Words   |  71 Pagesgather employees, people in general2. The results of this thesis are that IKEA, in spite of its so called unique global culture is not totally successful in dealing with this complex notion of cultu re especially among employees across borders. Indeed, IKEA’s managers tend to forget to take the many particularities of national and regional cultures into consideration, they deal with everywhere in the world. Although it came out that in many countries which are culturally close to Sweden the leader andRead MoreCritical Analysis1135 Words   |  5 PagesBUS2235 Organizational Dynamics Critical Analysis #4 Ingvar Kamprad: Wealthy Man, Frugal Man, Entrepreneur Extraordinaire Although octogenarian Ingvar Kamprad, the founder of Swedish-based IKEA, is one of the wealthiest individuals in the world, he nonetheless lives quite frugally. Kamprad avoids wearing suits, flies economy class, takes the subway to work, drives a ten-year-old Volvo and frequents inexpensive restaurants. â€Å"It has long been rumored in Sweden that when his self-disciplineRead MoreIkea Case Study Questions1745 Words   |  7 Pages usually young couples or families. They can be first time home owners or movers. And they can be of diverse cultures, in places such as Dubai, where population is vastly diversified, you can find a lot of different people having the same buying behavior at Ikea. This profile can differ across different countries in a variety of ways, there can be economical factors, or demographic factor and it can also depend on the level of disposable income the middleclass people have. For example, China is theRead MoreIkeas Business Strategy1810 Words   |  8 P agesworld and anti-bureaucratic attitude d. Empowerment e. Frugal attitude – Ikea is in the hands of Dutch charitable trust. Looking at Ikea’s turnover from 1954 to projected turnover in 2010 one could only marvel at their ability to continue to grow at such a steady pace. The Ikea Group opened 16 new stores in 2009 and 15 more as at October 2010 (Ikea, 2010) Ikea’s success lies in the way it has been able to put together various strategic activities vis-à  -vis strategic thinking and strategic planningRead Moreorganizational behavior1213 Words   |  5 Pagesother hand, self-actualization needs were not satisfied because we believe that, only the person can achieve this goal of need. 3. George Schenk, founder and CEO of American Flatbread, is a positive and optimistic person. How do his attitudes and behavior affect his workers’ social learning? What impact does their learning have on the organization? Schenk infuses positivism and optimism to his workers. A positive attitude can affect the workers’ relations towards their boss and co-workers in a good

North and South free essay sample

This is a very big novel. When compared with the satire of society that Jane Austen offers, Gaskell offers so much more in exploring the big issues: societal structure, economy, religion, and a woman’s place in society. There is even political dissidence in the form of Frederick! And of course, the moral is in the ending – Margaret marries Thornton, whom she once considered beneath her in class. And she exclaims â€Å"I am not worthy. † when they finally speak of their love. Compare this to the rigid ideas offered by Emma about marrying outside of class. Social Structure: Social structure is questioned at every turn. Edith and her family are all basically nice enough, but they are more or less a useless waste of space. So the natural authority of the gentry is questioned. Elevated status associated with the clergy is questioned (Gaskell was in a safe place to do this, as she was a clergyman’s wife. ) as Mr Hale falls from grace, so is Margaret’s self importance and pride in her father’s role in the community. Likewise, elevated status based on education is questioned, Hale says of the manufacturers: â€Å"some of them do really seem to be fine fellows, conscious of their own deficiencies, which is more than many a man at Oxford is. The emerging manufacturer’s class is shown to have both slimy mercurial people and honourable people (e. g. Thornton and his mother) but even the slimy people are at least useful – they are able to discuss politics and economy around the dinner table at Thornton’s party. Finally, Higgins and Boucher round off the panoramic view of society, showing the stupid, ignorant, but utterly pitiable Boucher of the lower classes, contrasted with Higgins, who is a clever man, a philosopher, a Unionist, an atheist, and as honourable and good a man as Thornton is. Higgins might just be Gaskell’s favourite character. The overall tone of the novel is that social structure is artificial, there being good and worthy people on every level, and is very socialist in sentiment that when we all work together, learning about each other, and losing prejudices, it is better for each individual and for the whole. Politics: The weaknesses of both sides of the political struggle in Milton are exposed in Gaskell’s novel. Thornton’s Capitalist notion that any man can raise himself through work is shown to be false, and the sad poverty of those at the base of the Capitalist system is shown. Ailments from the lack of work legislations such as Bessy’s sickness and eventual death are also attributed to the great Capitalist machine. The message here is that Capitalism alone is not the answer – although it does drive progress, there are many social casualties. The unionist we focus on most is Higgins, who is an honourable man, who gives out of his own meagre purse to help others in the movement. He is fighting not just for himself, but for the others, like Boucher, who aren’t able to fight for themselves. He only wants what’s fair – he is an idealist and very moral. So the sentiments of the Union movement are praised in Gaskell’s novel. However, the realities – that people like Boucher, who don’t share Higgins’ intelligence or idealism – turn violent in mobs, is an unpleasant side effect. The fact that many Unionists pressure others to join the union in the workplace is another unpleasant side effect. And the quietly slipped in question – â€Å"Where do the unions get their money from? † is implicit of corruption at the most, or mandatory fees from their pressured-in members at the least. So the message is that, while the Unions are good in theory, their application is lacking in real world situations. However, Gaskell’s notion that if men and masters respect and understand each other, the system prospers for all is equally idealistic and lacks in real world application, for it relies on the fact that all members are both honourable and well educated. This gap in reality is partly accounted for in the fact that Thornton loses all his money because he will not risk not being able to pay his employees their due if the business proposition goes sour. Being moral in business does not always pay – Gaskell recognises this. The issue of government regulations and â€Å"interference† in business practices is also touched on. The idea is met with distain by all manufacturers, either because they regulate their own businesses soundly without having to be told – like Thornton, or because they don’t want to regulate their businesses soundly – ie: everyone else. While this interference, and the labeling of â€Å"unparliamentary smoke† is ridiculed by Milton characters, to a modern responder it is perfectly reasonable – and it seemed reasonable to Gaskell too. However, military/government injustice is considered in the story of Frederick, and once again the imposed hierarchy of systems – this time the naval system- is questioned, as Frederick is more honourable than his captain. Systems of government are also touched upon when Mr Thornton says: â€Å"On some future day – in some millennium – in Utopia, this unity may be brought into practice – just as I can fancy a republic the most perfect form of government. † Religion: Gaskell’s own morality which is the omnipresent governance of the novel is very Christian. It advocates sacrifice and humility, kindness and virtuousness. She makes martyrs out of more than one character eg: Bessy, Margaret, Higgins, Margaret’s mother, and even Thornton towards the end of the book. However, it is not the dogmatic Christian approach which does not question. Mr Hale is a good, kind man who is very moral. Perhaps because of his own fall from grace, he sees the good in people like Thornton and Higgins without Margaret’s initial class prejudice. He continues to doubt the religion in which he instructed til death, though he continues to pray, and practice Christian morality. His actual doubts about religion are conveyed in an unclear manner due to Mr Hale’s distress and Margaret’s prejudice. He seems not to doubt religion, but to doubt the institution of the church as a vehicle for religion, (which is to the modern responder, very wise) but in context makes him a heretic – one who rejects the church. However, he loves the church and his lifestyle and wishes he did not feel that way. Margaret is a very Christian character, but even she has a moment of doubt: â€Å"She looked out upon the dark-grey lines of the church tower†¦and yet, no sign of God! her resolution of this fact is simply this: â€Å"If the world was full of perplexing problems she would trust, and only ask to see the one step needful for the hour. † in short, she reconciles herself to Christianity by not looking further into her questions. Bessy’s limited understanding of Christianity as some fairytale where she will be granted riches for having suffered in life shows the needs basis of religion – those who suffer need to believe there is a reason, or at least a reward for their suffering: â€Å"I’m weary†¦and longing to get away to the land of Beulah. and yet she questions: â€Å"I think if this life is the end, and there’s no God to wipe away the tears from all eyes – yo’ wench, yo! † Higgins take on religion is far more realistic and rational: â€Å"when I see the world going wrong at this time o’ day, bothering itself with things it knows nought about, and leaving undone all the things which lie in disorder close at its hand – why I say, leave all this talk about religion alone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Gaskell criticises both the structure and application of religion in that the lower classes miss out on its ministrations. Higgins comments that the upper classes are quick to teach them political economy, but not about saving their souls. Other religions – Islamics and Roman Catholics are mentioned. Margaret is horrified with her father’s heretic decision â€Å"as if he had announced a desire to turn Mahometan† but this is coloured by Margaret’s own prejudice. Frederick is shown to be a good, just man, and he converts to Roman Catholicism for his bride. Feminism: The criticisms of North and South lie in the misrepresentation of the amount of women in factory work. Historical figures show that the strikes on which the Milton strike was based were populated around 60% by women workers. Critics go on to say that women in the workforce are marginalised into sickly creatures like Bessy, and then go on to say that Margaret’s place is shown to be in the home. However, the tone of the novel is not conducive to these conclusions. Yes, the novel martyrs the working woman, but that is more a product of Christian values than explicit anti feminist ones, and a desire to make pitiable the lot of the workers – it being easier to make a young, sick working girl a pitiable character than say, an old, gruff workman. In this perhaps Gaskell is appealing to sexist prejudice but she has a target audience to consider. The issue of her referring to the workers as â€Å"men† does not necessarily eject women from the workplace – it is an umbrella term, and one that Thornton only adopts when Margaret objects to his calling the workers â€Å"hands†. Bessy’s mere existence, and Higgins’ remark that none of Boucher’s children were factory age, shows clearly that women and children make up the ranks of the factory workers. Ideas of modesty in accordance with Christian values are in play, especially with the implications around Margaret’s sighting with Frederick, but Mrs Thornton’s scorn of useless people, and Margaret’s own education in the manufacturing class to the point where she understands the political and economical terms, and is able to draft a business proposal with her lawyer at the end of the novel put more emphasis on the value of women beyond domestic pursuits. Gender stereotyping in and of itself is quite limited in the novel. There are examples of strong men crying: e. g. Thornton, of men who are incapable of decision making, e. g. Mr Hale, who is dependent on his daughter’s decisions. Margaret, who is a strong woman, however driven by Christian responsibility she is, she becomes head of the house, and quite worldly towards the end of the book but still has emotions and cries when she is sad. Mrs Thornton is an equally strong woman who has suffered a difficult life, and who is also an emotional being. Mrs Hale is initially seen as whiny, but in truth she is suffering her illness in stoic silence. Higgins is a good father to his adopted orphans and is shown to be tender in regards to Bessy. In short, not a single major character in the book fits into gender stereotypes of the time. This more than anything else shows that Gaskell’s approach to her characters was not intended to limit them in terms of gender, any more than she desired them to be limited by class. There is a fair bit of sexual imagery in the novel – e. g. Margaret’s bracelet, and her wrapping herself around Mr Thornton. This pays homage to the sexual undercurrent of Victorian society, and though arguments linking sexuality to feminism arise, what can be said of the sexual imagery is that it is subtle, and is more about attraction than lust, (again, very Christian) but removing the power-play from sexual imagery, and almost acting as an equalizer. However, Thornton is more free to express his longing for Margaret than Margaret for him – this may be less to do with the fact that she is a woman, and more to do with the fact that she is a devoted Christian. Economics: Scarcity of money is a driving concern in the book – for the Hales, the Higginses, and eventually, for Thornton. The only people who seem comfortable with their commerce are Edith’s vapid family. Stigmas associated with manufacturing are under flux –Thornton’s name is known abroad as an excellent business man. The political economy which underpins much of the plot is that of early capitalism, where the onus was on the manufacture of a quality product. Thornton’s own standards of production are well known, and he will not sell any lower-grade cotton. The English cotton manufacturers are being undercut by the American cotton growers, because the American cotton growers have black slave labour at their disposal. However, there was at this time Free Market trade, with no laws imposed by any governments on the industries to make them more fair. It was believed at the time that businesses flourished when such decisions were left to private enterprise: The term for this is a Lassez-Faire economy – French for â€Å"let it be†. Capitalism developed out of this stage by the second world war, becoming Marketing Capitalism, where the onus was not on producing the best product, but designing the best advertising. Capitalism is undergoing another change in modern times to become more services based, and cyber-product based, where you don’t receive any solid â€Å"product† for your purchase.

US Cyber Command

The cyber space has been recognized as the new domain of warfare; cyber warfare is actions of either states or non-state organizations to penetrate another nation’s computers or other networks for the purpose of causing damage or disruptions. Cyber warfare target not only national security, but also frauds like identity theft and stealing of classified information from competitors, rivals, and groups.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on US Cyber Command specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Primarily, cyber attack can be waged by foreign agencies, terrorist, criminals, hackers or insiders (National Communication System, 2002, p.20). Cyber attacks in the US are increasing in number and level of sophistication in the present years. Moreover, most cyber attacks are motivated by politics while others are motivated by economic gains, ego, personal enmity, or war and military gain. The range of techniques used in cyber w arfare includes use of malware, virus, worms, and destruction of computers. Cyber warfare could have serious repercussions on security of the US; for instance, destroying the economy through commercial espionage or theft of intellectual property. Given the loss associated with cyber attack, the government should spend its resources to monitor, and prevent a cyberspace attack just as they protect the sea, air, and land. However, it is difficult to trace the source of attacks, and if the aggressors are identified, it is a complicated task to deal with them if they are not state or a state sponsored organization. Since the 2008 hacking of the US department of defense network, the government had to review its strategies of cyberspace defense to prevent and bar any future attacks. Nevertheless, cooperation with other nations could help prevent a cyber attack since they can share intelligence, and other important information. How cyber warfare is a national, homeland and international sec urity issue Cyber warfare is a national security threat since it risks the security of a nation, its economic status, and causes conflict between nations.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are several types of cyber threats which have different motivations and targeted to a group of people; cyber terror, hackivism, black hat hacking, cyber crime, cyber espionage and information war (CQ Researcher, 2010, p.144). generally, the targets of cyber warfare are innocent victims, the government, companies, decision makers, infrastructure, information technology system, and private or public date. Military and defense The military and defense networks are at risk of attacks from other nations and terror groups exposing the US and its people to terror activities. Generally, hacking in department of defense networks tends to leak classified and non-classified information to potential aggres sors, thus giving them an upper hand in their actions. However, it is difficult to assess or to estimate vulnerability, risks and costs of a cyber attack making it all the more dreadful (Cordesman, Cordesman, and Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2002, p.4). The networks of military contractors are susceptible to attacks and classified information. In addition, cyber warfare can be used by nations to conduct offensive cyber operations. For instance, some attacks are directed to influence people’s thoughts and actions after receiving information from networks. An attack on the communication or transportation channels would hamper the logistic supply of material, control of forces and real time provision of intelligence. Moreover, false alerts and propaganda can be spread through the network, which can threaten the stability of a nation. Economy The effects a cyber attack on the economy can be very damaging. One of the means of cyber warfare is the stealing of tra de secrets and intellectual property from companies; this gives an unfair advantage to competitors in the market. The destruction caused by a cyber attack like breaking of communication and transportation links can harm finances of a company. In addition, companies are at a risk of losing crucial data, information, or the damage of their computer hardware resulting to a loss. Incorrect information about a company can harm the prospects or profile of that company. Espionage Governments and businesses are likely to spy on each other so as to gather intelligence about the activities of their opponent (Parker and Sachs, 2004, p.223). Generally, nations spy on each other in order to monitor an opponent for treaty or contract compliance or to steal trade secrets. State information leaked to other nations can be used to create social fear or apathy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on US Cyber Command specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page L earn More In addition, espionage can expose a nation’s technological and scientific development, political and internal political and military development of a nation. In other words, industrial espionage spies on the economic status of a company, trade secrets, and critical technologies threatening the security of companies, and could lead to loss in national economic and technological resources (National Communication System, 2002, p.24). Infrastructure Cyber threats could be launched on important networks like the power grid, transportation links, and the financial system (Parker and Sachs, 2004, p.222). Therefore, destruction in these networks would have a divesting effect on the civilian and the economy as a whole. The nation heavily relies on cyber for basic running of organizations, thus direct attack or a disruption of the cyber would cause significant problems on operations of critical infrastructure (Parker and Sachs, 2004, p.222). Moreover, the outcome of cyber a ttack whose primary role is to destruct the physical assets can cause a huge loss to the government or a company. How globalizations plays a role in promoting security threats online Through the interlinked communication systems, threats are easily directed to a nation, which are miles away. Furthermore, the cost of using these globalization networks is minimal hence encouraging nations and groups to pose threats to others. The meddling of other nation’s affairs encourages cyber attacks as means of defense. The government and the industries over reliance on the information technology and cyber space for communication and data storage exposes nations to security threats online (National Communication System, 2002, p.28) The market globalization enable manufacturers to produce software and hardware bearing taping codes and then sold to other nations and companies which then are used remotely to access information. The interdependency of crucial infrastructure has even more attr acted security threats especially from terrorists. How cyber command will and/or will not improve national and homeland security of the US Cyber command will improve security since they have pioneered systems that deploy defenses to counter intrusion in real time. Active surveillance on the military network is done to avoid passing of a malicious code and hunting of intruders in the network.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, cooperation with other nations in averting cyber warfare will improve security since they will be able to share intelligence, technology, and information in order to combat any attack. Therefore, the innovation of technique that can identify malicious virus and how they spread is of great importance to the U.S. in averting an attack. Cyber command will not improve homeland security since many efforts are directed to protecting the military, leaving out other infrastructure exposed. The hacking of a bank’s or an insurance company system can lead to serious effects on the economy of U.S. therefore, the cyber command acknowledges that predicting of a possible cyber attack is very difficult, hence the security threat is always imminent. In this case, time is very important when it comes to cyber warfare, since a little delay could result to dangerous consequences on the security. Moreover, classified information and data can still be transmitted or destroyed by enemi es or rivals through insiders. Conclusion The US cyber command was set up to counter cyber warfare in the US. Primarily, cyber warfare can be engaged by nations or terror groups with a main aim to causing destruction. Some examples of cyber attacks are hacking, black hat hacking, cyber terror, information war and cyber espionage. The acts of a cyber attack put a nation’s security at risk, can destroy the economy, and result to a diplomatic tension or war due to espionage. Moreover, globalization has made cyber attacks very easy since the cost of launching an attack is low and the skills and information are readily available. Therefore, cyber command will considerably increase the level of security since they have put up measures that will trace and avert a cyber attack. There is also active surveillance of networks to detect any malware or codes that could be dangerous to the networks. Besides this, the cyber command will not improve security since the department does not act ively monitor other civilian networks that could be possible target for attacks. Time is very crucial whenever it comes to cyber attacks and a slight time lapse could cause catastrophic effects on security of a nation. References Cordesman, A., Cordesman, J., and Center for strategic and International Studies. (2002). Cyber-threats, information warfare, and critical infrastructure protection: defending the U.S. homeland. MA: Greenwood publishing group. Web. CQ Researcher. (2010). Issues in Terrorism and Homeland Security: selections from CQ Researcher. NY: SAGE. Web. National Communication System. (2002). The electronic intrusion threat to national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP) internet communications an awareness document. NY: Diane Publishing. Web. Parker, T. Sachs, M. (2004). Cyber adversary characterization: auditing the hacker mind. MA: Syngress. Web. 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